xiii Preface
xvii Acknowledgments
3 1. Introduction
4 Vampire Stories and Beyond
6 Explaining Behavior without Folklore
9 Kinds of “Why” Questions
11 Simple Rules, Complex Outcomes
12 Humans as Critters
19 2. Racing the Red Queen: Selfish Genes
and Their Strategies
23 Whose Genes Count, and Why? Kin Selection
27 Summing Up the Basics: Assumptions and Objections
31 Novel Evolutionary Environments: Can the Principles Still Hold?
33 More than Ants or Peacocks: Lifetimes, Culture, Ecology,
and Variation
35 3. The Ecology of Sex Differences
37 Sex and Strategies
44 The Ecology of Being Male and Female
47 Mating Effort
52 Parental Effort
53 Variance in Reproductive Success: Mating versus Parental Strategists
57 4. Sex, Status, and Reproduction among the Apes
58 The Ecology of Dominance and RS in Primates
60 Ecological Aspects of Mating Systems
62 Sex, Resources, and the Ecology of Human Reproduction
66 The Ecology of Human Mating Systems
74 The Ecology of Monogamy and Polyandry
77 5. Sex, Resources, Appearance, and Mate Choice
78 What Men and Women Want
83 Beauty, Resources, and Mate Choice
84 Signals of Desirability and Their Manipulation
88 Who Can Choose?
92 6. Sex, Resources, and Human Lifetimes
95 Starting Out: Resource Striving in the Womb
96 What’s a Mother to Do? Optimizing Maternal Effort
among Offspring
98 Conflicts of Interest: Abortion, Infanticide, Abandonment,
Neglect
102 Sex Differences in Reproductive Lifetimes
110 Sex Differences in Senescence
113 7. Sex and Resource Ecology in Traditional
and Historical Cultures
113 Sexual Divisions of Labor
115 Sex and Control of Resources
116 Men, Women, and Resources in Traditional and Historical
Cultures
127 8. Sex, Resources, and Fertility in Transition
130 Nineteenth-Century Sweden
135 Sex, Resources, and Life Histories
139 Female Life Paths
140 Male Life Paths
142 Sex, Resources, and Fertility
144 Fertility Transitions: What, If Anything, Do They Mean?
146 9. Nice Guys Can Win—In Social Species, Anyway
147 Are We Lemmings? A Cautionary Tale
147 When and Why Do We Cooperate?
150 Simple Strategies in Winning Games
154 From Family to Dyads to Groups to Cultures
155 The Group Selection Muddle
160 Altruists or Good Neighbors?
161 Cooperation and Free-Riders
163 10. Conflicts, Culture, and Natural Selection
164 Cooperation, Competition, and Groups
165 Working Out Our Conflicts: Moral Systems and Group Life
168 Intertwining Cultural and Natural Selection
176 Logically Inept, Socially Adept: The Social Contexts
of Intelligence
181 11. Sex and Complex Coalitions
183 Coalitions, Resources, and Reproduction
193 Sex and Human Coalitions
198 12. Politics and Reproductive Competition
200 Men, Women, and Politics Cross-Culturally
209 Women in Politics: When Did It Pay?
213 13. Sex, Resources, and Early Warfare
214 Resources and Conflict
216 Why Women Warriors Are Rare
217 War: Runaway Sexual Selection?
218 Other Biological Approaches to Understanding War
221 Intergroup Conflict in Other Species
223 Conflict in Preindustrial Societies
230 14. Societal Complexity and the Ecology of War
233 Greek Hoplites: Early “Western” Warriors?
234 The Ecology of Renaissance War
236 The Behavioral Ecology of Modern War
240 Disadvantaged Men in War
241 War and Reproductive Success Today
241 Proximate and Ultimate Causes of War: Evolutionary
Novelty
245 15. Wealth, Fertility, and the Environment
in Future Tense
247 Fertility, Consumption, and Sustainability: Weaving the Strands
248 Wealth, Fertility, and Consumption Today: Empirical Data
250 Wealth, Women’s Age-Specific Fertility, and Women’s
Life Paths Today
252 An Evolutionary Perspective: Reducing Both Fertility
and Consumption Is Novel
253 What’s Missing in Current Strategies?
257 Can New Strategies and Tactics Help?
258 An Evolutionary Bottom Line
259 Notes
323 Glossary
333 References
391 Author Index
401 Subject Index
409 Taxonomic Index
411 Society/Social Group Index
عدل سابقا من قبل د.محمد في السبت مايو 18, 2013 12:39 pm عدل 1 مرات
xvii Acknowledgments
3 1. Introduction
4 Vampire Stories and Beyond
6 Explaining Behavior without Folklore
9 Kinds of “Why” Questions
11 Simple Rules, Complex Outcomes
12 Humans as Critters
19 2. Racing the Red Queen: Selfish Genes
and Their Strategies
23 Whose Genes Count, and Why? Kin Selection
27 Summing Up the Basics: Assumptions and Objections
31 Novel Evolutionary Environments: Can the Principles Still Hold?
33 More than Ants or Peacocks: Lifetimes, Culture, Ecology,
and Variation
35 3. The Ecology of Sex Differences
37 Sex and Strategies
44 The Ecology of Being Male and Female
47 Mating Effort
52 Parental Effort
53 Variance in Reproductive Success: Mating versus Parental Strategists
57 4. Sex, Status, and Reproduction among the Apes
58 The Ecology of Dominance and RS in Primates
60 Ecological Aspects of Mating Systems
62 Sex, Resources, and the Ecology of Human Reproduction
66 The Ecology of Human Mating Systems
74 The Ecology of Monogamy and Polyandry
77 5. Sex, Resources, Appearance, and Mate Choice
78 What Men and Women Want
83 Beauty, Resources, and Mate Choice
84 Signals of Desirability and Their Manipulation
88 Who Can Choose?
92 6. Sex, Resources, and Human Lifetimes
95 Starting Out: Resource Striving in the Womb
96 What’s a Mother to Do? Optimizing Maternal Effort
among Offspring
98 Conflicts of Interest: Abortion, Infanticide, Abandonment,
Neglect
102 Sex Differences in Reproductive Lifetimes
110 Sex Differences in Senescence
113 7. Sex and Resource Ecology in Traditional
and Historical Cultures
113 Sexual Divisions of Labor
115 Sex and Control of Resources
116 Men, Women, and Resources in Traditional and Historical
Cultures
127 8. Sex, Resources, and Fertility in Transition
130 Nineteenth-Century Sweden
135 Sex, Resources, and Life Histories
139 Female Life Paths
140 Male Life Paths
142 Sex, Resources, and Fertility
144 Fertility Transitions: What, If Anything, Do They Mean?
146 9. Nice Guys Can Win—In Social Species, Anyway
147 Are We Lemmings? A Cautionary Tale
147 When and Why Do We Cooperate?
150 Simple Strategies in Winning Games
154 From Family to Dyads to Groups to Cultures
155 The Group Selection Muddle
160 Altruists or Good Neighbors?
161 Cooperation and Free-Riders
163 10. Conflicts, Culture, and Natural Selection
164 Cooperation, Competition, and Groups
165 Working Out Our Conflicts: Moral Systems and Group Life
168 Intertwining Cultural and Natural Selection
176 Logically Inept, Socially Adept: The Social Contexts
of Intelligence
181 11. Sex and Complex Coalitions
183 Coalitions, Resources, and Reproduction
193 Sex and Human Coalitions
198 12. Politics and Reproductive Competition
200 Men, Women, and Politics Cross-Culturally
209 Women in Politics: When Did It Pay?
213 13. Sex, Resources, and Early Warfare
214 Resources and Conflict
216 Why Women Warriors Are Rare
217 War: Runaway Sexual Selection?
218 Other Biological Approaches to Understanding War
221 Intergroup Conflict in Other Species
223 Conflict in Preindustrial Societies
230 14. Societal Complexity and the Ecology of War
233 Greek Hoplites: Early “Western” Warriors?
234 The Ecology of Renaissance War
236 The Behavioral Ecology of Modern War
240 Disadvantaged Men in War
241 War and Reproductive Success Today
241 Proximate and Ultimate Causes of War: Evolutionary
Novelty
245 15. Wealth, Fertility, and the Environment
in Future Tense
247 Fertility, Consumption, and Sustainability: Weaving the Strands
248 Wealth, Fertility, and Consumption Today: Empirical Data
250 Wealth, Women’s Age-Specific Fertility, and Women’s
Life Paths Today
252 An Evolutionary Perspective: Reducing Both Fertility
and Consumption Is Novel
253 What’s Missing in Current Strategies?
257 Can New Strategies and Tactics Help?
258 An Evolutionary Bottom Line
259 Notes
323 Glossary
333 References
391 Author Index
401 Subject Index
409 Taxonomic Index
411 Society/Social Group Index
عدل سابقا من قبل د.محمد في السبت مايو 18, 2013 12:39 pm عدل 1 مرات